Mice are small animals belonging to the class of mammals, an order of rodents from the mouse family.
They are found everywhere. The vast majority of their species live in tropical and subtropical forests, with fewer in the temperate and northern latitudes of Europe and Asia, as well as on the Australian mainland. There are approximately 13 species of mice common in the Russian Federation.
In total, the mouse family list includes 147 genera and 700 species. The size of the animal ranges from 5-48 cm, depending on the type of animal.
Below in the article we will try to describe what types of mice there are, how many species of them are found in Russia, what types of mice live where, and also provide their names, descriptions and photos.
Baby mice
They are one of the smallest rodents on earth. The size of an adult does not exceed 7 cm, the tail - 6-7 cm. The baby weighs no more than 10 g.
The appearance of the animal, namely its coloring, distinguishes it from other species. The fur of these mice is bright red in color, except for the abdomen, which is almost white.
Habitat: Spain, Korea, Japan, southern Kazakhstan, China and northern Mongolia. They are found in forests, fields and forest-steppe. In the summer they build nests in the grass, and in the winter they move into burrows, haystacks, and human dwellings.
Baby mice quickly adapt to their new environment. They are quite peaceful and calm. They can live in captivity. At the same time, the animals need a large, capacious cage or a small terrarium so that the little ones can move and climb freely.
In food, it prefers seeds, cereals, legumes, and small insects.
Secluded housing
In most cases, the house mouse settles on soft soil that is not prone to drying out. To make it easier to make moves, the walls of the tunnels did not collapse. They build a hole 100 cm long. There must be an entrance and 2 emergency exits. The nest chamber is built at a distance of 30 cm from the ground surface. In winter they go deeper - up to 65 cm in depth. The diameter of the nest is about 25 cm. House mice prepare a soft bedding from twigs, leaves, moss, and all convenient materials.
Life of a House Mouse
House mice often inhabit ready-made burrows of voles, moles, hamsters, and other rodents. Or they build a nest under stones, in natural depressions in the ground, under a mound of leaves.
In human housing, house mice place their nests in well-protected, secluded places. Prefer to settle:
- under the floor;
- between walls;
- in the attic;
- under trash cans;
- in places where food waste accumulates;
- in the vegetable store.
To build a nest, various available, suitable materials are used: straw, pieces of fabric, twigs, hair, feathers, polystyrene foam, polyurethane foam.
Interesting!
The house mouse always tries to keep the nest clean. If there are parasites, the house is wet, or it just becomes uncomfortable, they abandon it without remorse and build a new nest.
House mouse
The ability to get along with humans has made these animals the most common species of the mouse family and the most numerous of the mammals on earth. Distributed everywhere. The Far North, Antarctica, and highlands are places where these rodents are absent due to low temperatures and high humidity.
These mice are perhaps the smallest representatives of their family, if you do not take into account the tiny mice. The length of their body is no more than 10 cm, the tail is 5-10 cm. The animal has gray fur on its back, sides and a light belly. House mice that live in desert areas are sandy yellow in color, while domesticated house mice are white.
Unlike wild rodents, white decorative mice often become pets. In addition, they are bred in laboratory conditions as food for serpentarium pets, as well as for clinical studies as experimental animals.
In nature, rodents live in burrows. With the onset of autumn, they begin to move into residential buildings and outbuildings.
The main diet is seeds, grain, green parts of plants, and once in a person’s home, they sweep away everything that comes their way - from bread crumbs to soap and candles.
Characteristic features of life
It is believed that mice are quite timid by nature. This may be true, but if the mouse does not behave this way, then it will not survive, since it has a sufficient number of natural enemies.
In the wild, the mouse adapts to various conditions of its existence: it crawls, swims, digs holes in the ground, and some species have learned to fly. Such abilities of such a small mammal allow it to survive in such harsh natural conditions.
A mouse can build its nest anywhere - underground, in the hollows of old trees, in bird nests, under stones, etc. When she settles in a person’s house, her nest can be found under the floor, in the attic, in the basement, in the openings between the walls. The rodent goes hunting at night, but does not go far from its nest. During the daytime, mice sit quietly in their hiding places.
Interesting Facts! Some species of mice live in large packs, where the head of the pack is a male with several females. Each individual is responsible for its own territory, where it obtains food for itself. The offspring are raised by all females together, and after they reach “adulthood”, the young are expelled from the pack.
Mice wait out the winter in different conditions. For example:
- In the ground, in deep holes.
- In hay or straw stacks.
- In outbuildings for various purposes.
Mice that spend the winter in natural conditions store food supplies for the winter. To do this, rodents set aside special places in their burrows where they carry everything that could be useful in winter, just so as not to die of starvation.
Mice have a sufficient number of natural enemies - these are reptiles, hedgehogs, cats, dogs, foxes, as well as other birds of prey and animals.
In nature, a mouse can live no more than a year, although at the genetic level the term is about 5 years. This is due to the fact that this rodent has too many natural enemies. In artificial conditions, rodents live for about 3 years, and in laboratory conditions - 7 years.
Harvest mouse
Habitat: Central and Eastern Europe, the southern part of Western Siberia, China (except for the south), Mongolia, the Korean Peninsula, Taiwan. This type of rodent rarely lives in houses and outbuildings, unlike house mice.
The field mouse prefers open areas - bushes and fields. In megacities it mainly lives in green zones. Lives both in burrows and other natural shelters. Rodents that live in swampy areas build nests in bushes or grass.
The body length of the animal can reach up to 12.5 cm, the tail – up to 9 cm. The color of the field mouse is grayish-brown, with a dark stripe running along the back.
The animal’s diet, which changes depending on temporary conditions, is based on plant foods and insects. Field mice are the largest pests for agriculture and forestry, and they can also live in country houses.
Mouse squad
Mice are classified as mammals because they give birth to live young. After birth, the female feeds her offspring with milk for a month. Each female has 8 nipples. After mating, the female carries the future mice for about 25 days. 9 days after giving birth, she can mate again and again bring forth offspring. Each time she can give birth to from 1 to 12 cubs. She can become pregnant up to 5 times in a year. The rodent population increases noticeably once every 7 years.
Newly born mice have no fur, no teeth, and they cannot see yet. After just 1 week, the offspring have teeth and hair begins to grow, and after another 20 days they can feed on their own. After 3 months, the young offspring are able to fertilize themselves, increasing the rodent population.
Wood mouse
The animal prefers natural shelters, its own or others' burrows in floodplains, in thickets of meadow bushes, and in open areas of forest. Their habitats are broad-leaved and mixed forests of Eastern Europe, Turkey, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Altai.
It reaches 10 cm in size. The length of the tail is approximately the same as the length of the body. Color – grayish-red. Some individuals have a yellow spot in the chest area.
Rodents, as a rule, feed on plant foods (grain, seeds), and do not refuse insects. They eat young tree seedlings, causing severe damage to forestry.
What does it look like
Mice of individual species look different, but there are some features that are common to all representatives of this subfamily, for example:
- Large soft ears, oval in shape.
- Big bulging eyes.
- Oblong body.
- Tail bare or covered with sparse hairs.
- Different sizes of front and rear limbs. The front ones are much shorter.
- The anatomy of mice involves long incisors that grow throughout life.
The body length of representatives of the mouse order varies from eight to twelve centimeters in length. The size of some species can reach fifteen centimeters.
Vole mouse
Distinctive features of this type of rodent are their short tail, small ears and small muzzle. The length of the mouse's body, not including the tail, is 12 cm. The color is gray or dark brown, the abdomen is gray.
Habitat: North Africa, Middle East, northern India, southwestern China, Taiwan, Japanese Islands, North America.
Like a mole, the vole digs deep, multi-pass burrows. The animals are active at night and are underground during the day. They feed on plant foods - green parts of plants, roots, tubers.
You can try to fight small rodents using ultrasound.
Lifestyle
In the wild, house mice become more active at night. During the day they hide in holes for several reasons - they do not like bright light, they are afraid of predators. Housing is designed to suit people's lifestyles. They crawl out of the shelter in complete silence.
If there is constant artificial lighting in the house, house mice are active around the clock with regular breaks. There are about 20 periods of wakefulness per day with an average duration of 30 minutes. House mice move along studied routes. They leave behind feces, urine, and food crumbs.
House mice run well and quickly respond to rustling sounds and movement. The animals are capable of reaching speeds of up to 13 km/h. They climb trees and flat surfaces, jump, and behave freely in water.
Each has its own territory. The mouse does not move far from the nest; it hunts in a designated area. Males are entitled to 1200 m², females - 900 m². During the period of strong reproduction, house mice settle in families and colonies. There is a leader - a male, several dominant females.
Interesting!
The head of the family behaves aggressively towards young males; fights for primacy between females rarely occur. They raise their offspring together and take care of proper nutrition. Weak individuals try not to show themselves to the leader and begin to become active when the “leader” falls asleep. Grown-up mice are soon kicked out of the family. They create their own hierarchy.
Description and appearance
So, who is this mouse? Mice are animals belonging to the rodent order and the mouse family. Regardless of the species, all mice are distinguished by their small size and anatomical features, namely, the presence of an elongated, pointed muzzle, a dense body, a long tail, short paws with movable fingers and tenacious claws.
Mice live all over the planet, often settling near people. Some species are classified as synanthropic.
How does a mouse skeleton work?
The mouse skull is oval, with clearly visible areas of bone fusion. Rodents have a well-developed lower jaw, which can move in different directions.
Skeleton
The mouse skeleton is light, mobile, elastic, but at the same time very durable. The neck consists of 7 vertebrae connected by a column, and there are 20 in the tail. The pubic bones of mice are connected by ligaments. Due to this, during childbirth the bones move apart and females can give birth to rather large (compared to the size of the mother) mice.
Features of teeth
The structure of a mouse's teeth is very unusual. The front incisors (2 upper and 2 lower) do not have roots and grow throughout the life of the rodent. Therefore, animals constantly have to gnaw on something very durable in order to wear down their teeth at least a little. If this is not done, the mouse will not be able to close its mouth and eat normally.
Mice have no fangs. The molars, located on the sides of the jaw, have an uneven surface. It is with their molars that rodents grind food that gets into their mouth.
Sense and smell organs
As for the senses, mice have rather poor vision, acute hearing and an excellent sense of smell. The eyes of mice are rather poorly developed; most individuals have severe farsightedness. Rodents see best in twilight, but in complete darkness they navigate with the help of sensitive vibrissae.
Mice hear very well. Their ears can even perceive ultrasound. Rodents' sense of smell is also excellent; it helps them search for food, recognize relatives and navigate the area.
Wool and color features
The body of mice is covered with thick, smooth fur. Features of coloring - on the belly the fur is lighter than on the back and sides, and the border is quite clear. The color of wild mice varies from sandy to dark brown, almost black. The most common colors are gray, brown, red. Sometimes there are stripes or spots on the skin.
It’s interesting that the further south a mouse lives, the lighter its fur.
Dimensions and physiological features
Depending on the species, the size of mice varies from 6 to 18 cm, but the vast majority of rodents grow to 8 – 11 cm. The length of the tail can range from 60 to 100% of the body length, in some individuals the tail is even slightly longer. How much an animal weighs depends on its size. The average weight of a mouse is about 20–25 g.
The average body temperature of mice is +37.5…39⁰С. A rodent's heart beats at a rate of about 600 beats per minute. Mice run quite fast, many varieties can swim, but they do this only when absolutely necessary.
Differences between male and female
Sexual dimorphism in mice is not pronounced. It is impossible to distinguish a male from a female either by size, weight, or color. There may be some differences in character. According to studies, females are calmer, while males are more likely to show aggression.
Reproduction and lifespan
The mouse is a polygamous animal. Males and females do not create families and disperse immediately after mating. Rodents reach sexual maturity at three months of age. Pregnancy lasts 18–22 days, after which 3 to 10 pups are born. The cubs are born completely helpless. They have no fur, ears and eyes are closed.
With little mice
Mice are mammals. The female feeds the mice for the first 3 weeks after birth. In the fourth week of life, the pups become independent. Mice can breed all year round. During the year, the female brings from 3 to 9 litters.
Typically, the lifespan of a mouse in nature is 1.5–2 years, but in general rodents can live 5–7 years.
Harm
Damage from mice
House mice, with their huge numbers, spoil grain fields. They don’t so much gnaw grain as they dig tunnels and form embankments. The stem falls to the ground, the grain is damaged, and difficulties arise during harvesting.
The main harm caused by a house pest is damage to food supplies and animal feed. Pests contaminate them with feces, urine, and leave behind many bacteria and pathogens.
Undoubted harm is caused to furniture, decorative items, books, and clothing. They chew wood, plastic, rubber, and electrical wiring. For these reasons, primitive man tamed the cat, which successfully destroys rodents.
House mice are carriers of dangerous diseases:
- intestinal infections;
- plague;
- pseudotuberculosis;
- fever;
- rabies;
- tularemia;
- leptospirosis.
Recently, scientists have announced the possibility of transmission of breast cancer by mice. Diseases are spread through feces, urine, saliva, ectoparasites, and bites. A person is simply obliged to combat pests on the territory of his own home.
Natural enemies
House mice are hunted by cats, foxes, small mustelids, mongooses, large lizards, snakes, birds of prey, crows, and shrikes. Rats also often kill and eat their smaller counterparts.
But house mice can also be predators. So, they were brought to the South Atlantic island of Gough, took root and multiplied to a number of 700,000 individuals. Later, large mice began to attack albatross chicks; in a year they destroy more than 1 million chicks.
Diet in natural conditions and near humans
Mice prefer plant foods, namely:
- corn;
- seeds;
- nuts;
- roots, stems, leaves and buds of plants;
- vegetables fruits.
They eat mice and insects, larvae, spiders.
Nutrition
The diet of a mouse entering a human home is more varied. Unpretentious animals eat cereals, bread, dairy and meat products, soap, and candles. Even the smallest rodent can cause serious damage by chewing wires, furniture, and books.
